Anthropological view of culture
How and why cultures differ and are similar
Theoretical orientation – attitude about how cultural phenomenon is to be explained.
Early evolutionism (Tylor and Morgan)
- culture evolved from simple to complex- 3 stages of development savagery, barbarism, civilization
- to account for variations – societies in different stages of evolution
Ref.
Primitive Culture(1871) by Tylor
Animism →monotheistic religion
Ancient Society (1877) by Morgan
Historical Particularism – (Boas)
Disagreed with evolutionists that cultures are governed by universal laws
- cultural trait has to be studied in the context of the society in which it appeared
- only after body of the data was gathered could theories be proposed and interpretation made.
Diffusionism - British school
– most aspects of civilization were developed in Egypt and diffused to other parts
Functionalism (Malinowski)
- cultural traits serve the needs of individuals in a society function of cultural traits is its ability to satisfy same basic needs or derived needs of the members of the group.
Structural Functionalism
- cultural function as he structure in the society that exists to meet human need.
e.g.) Funeral to cope with death of a person
Ethnoscience
- attempts to derive these rules from a logical analysis as free as possible from cultural biases (indigenous knowledge)
Sociolobiology
- Culture is not only socially constructed but affected by human biology
e.g.) Why society prohibits incest?
Political economy
- assumes external forces explain the way a society changes and adapts
Cultural ecology (Steward)
- explanation for cultural variation could be attributed to adaptation to the environment
e.g.) People living in the snowy country are good at skating.
How and why cultures differ and are similar
Theoretical orientation – attitude about how cultural phenomenon is to be explained.
Early evolutionism (Tylor and Morgan)
- culture evolved from simple to complex- 3 stages of development savagery, barbarism, civilization
- to account for variations – societies in different stages of evolution
Ref.
Primitive Culture(1871) by Tylor
Animism →monotheistic religion
Ancient Society (1877) by Morgan
Historical Particularism – (Boas)
Disagreed with evolutionists that cultures are governed by universal laws
- cultural trait has to be studied in the context of the society in which it appeared
- only after body of the data was gathered could theories be proposed and interpretation made.
Diffusionism - British school
– most aspects of civilization were developed in Egypt and diffused to other parts
Functionalism (Malinowski)
- cultural traits serve the needs of individuals in a society function of cultural traits is its ability to satisfy same basic needs or derived needs of the members of the group.
Structural Functionalism
- cultural function as he structure in the society that exists to meet human need.
e.g.) Funeral to cope with death of a person
Ethnoscience
- attempts to derive these rules from a logical analysis as free as possible from cultural biases (indigenous knowledge)
Sociolobiology
- Culture is not only socially constructed but affected by human biology
e.g.) Why society prohibits incest?
Political economy
- assumes external forces explain the way a society changes and adapts
Cultural ecology (Steward)
- explanation for cultural variation could be attributed to adaptation to the environment
e.g.) People living in the snowy country are good at skating.
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