Sociology and common sense
Common sense
-It was significant event in her life.
-It is ongoing effect.
-It triggers fears and anxieties.
-It can make women distrust men.
However,
Researcher foundout;
Rapists
- Do not care what woman wears
- Do not care who she is
- Treats women as an object for their lust, drives forpower and exploitation, sometimes frustration and anger
- Do not sexually derived – it means they have wives or girlfriends whom they have ongoing sexual relationships
A reserach model
1. Selecting a topic
What do you really want to know more about?
> Curiosity basing on what you want to know
> Social issues
→ better understand situation even help to solve issue.
> Fund availability
2. Defining the Problem
To determine what do you want to know.
To develop searchable question.
e.g. Why the men commit rape? →too general
Perpetrator's educational level case occurrence
To narrow area of research
e.g. occupation and education level of rapist age of victim
3. Reviewing the literature
To check whether the question has already been answered or not
To study what has already researched.
To sharpen your question
4. Formulating a hypothesis
To formulate a hypothesis basing on theory
Hypothesis predict the relationship between variables (factors thought to be significant)
Hypothesis is an operational definition
(precise ways to measure their concept)
e.g.
Hypothesis: Men who are more socially isolated are more likely to rape than are men who are socially integrated.
Operational definitions for three concepts: social integration and social isolation, and rape
5. Choosing a research method
The way to collect data
5-1. Survey
Studies generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire.
Provide sociologists with information about how people act or think.
? What is your population?
? How to select sample?
5-2. Secondary analysis
Use of Existing Sources
5-3. Documents
Census data, Crime statistics
Birth, death, marriage, and divorce statistics
Newspapers Personal journals, diaries, e-mail, and letters, Records and archival material of religious organizations, corporations, and other organizations
Transcripts of radio programs
Videotapes of motion pictures and television programs
Webpages
Song lyrics
Scientific records (such as patent applications)
Speeches of public figures (such as politicians)
Votes cast in elections or by elected officials on specific legislative proposals
Attendance records for public events
Videotapes of social protests and rallies
Literature, including folklore
and so on...
5-4. Experiments
Artificially-created situations that allow the researcher to manipulate variables.
E.g. Most Honest Cities: The Reader’s Digest “Lost Wallet” Test
5-5. Unobtrusive measure
Observing people’s behavior when they do not know when they are being studied.
5-6. Participant observation
When the researcher “joins” a group for a period of time to get a sense of how it operates.
6. Collecting data
Validity: The degree to which a measure truly reflects the phenomenon being studied.
Reliability: The extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
7. Analyzing the results
Developing the Conclusion
Supporting the Hypothesis
Sociological studies do not always generate data that support the original hypothesis.
Controlling for Other Factors
Control variables are factors that are held constant to test the impact of the independent variable
Research Ethics
a. informed concent
b. no harrasment
c. confidenciality
Common sense
-It was significant event in her life.
-It is ongoing effect.
-It triggers fears and anxieties.
-It can make women distrust men.
However,
Researcher foundout;
Rapists
- Do not care what woman wears
- Do not care who she is
- Treats women as an object for their lust, drives forpower and exploitation, sometimes frustration and anger
- Do not sexually derived – it means they have wives or girlfriends whom they have ongoing sexual relationships
A reserach model
1. Selecting a topic
What do you really want to know more about?
> Curiosity basing on what you want to know
> Social issues
→ better understand situation even help to solve issue.
> Fund availability
2. Defining the Problem
To determine what do you want to know.
To develop searchable question.
e.g. Why the men commit rape? →too general
Perpetrator's educational level case occurrence
To narrow area of research
e.g. occupation and education level of rapist age of victim
3. Reviewing the literature
To check whether the question has already been answered or not
To study what has already researched.
To sharpen your question
4. Formulating a hypothesis
To formulate a hypothesis basing on theory
Hypothesis predict the relationship between variables (factors thought to be significant)
Hypothesis is an operational definition
(precise ways to measure their concept)
e.g.
Hypothesis: Men who are more socially isolated are more likely to rape than are men who are socially integrated.
Operational definitions for three concepts: social integration and social isolation, and rape
5. Choosing a research method
The way to collect data
5-1. Survey
Studies generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire.
Provide sociologists with information about how people act or think.
? What is your population?
? How to select sample?
5-2. Secondary analysis
Use of Existing Sources
5-3. Documents
Census data, Crime statistics
Birth, death, marriage, and divorce statistics
Newspapers Personal journals, diaries, e-mail, and letters, Records and archival material of religious organizations, corporations, and other organizations
Transcripts of radio programs
Videotapes of motion pictures and television programs
Webpages
Song lyrics
Scientific records (such as patent applications)
Speeches of public figures (such as politicians)
Votes cast in elections or by elected officials on specific legislative proposals
Attendance records for public events
Videotapes of social protests and rallies
Literature, including folklore
and so on...
5-4. Experiments
Artificially-created situations that allow the researcher to manipulate variables.
E.g. Most Honest Cities: The Reader’s Digest “Lost Wallet” Test
5-5. Unobtrusive measure
Observing people’s behavior when they do not know when they are being studied.
5-6. Participant observation
When the researcher “joins” a group for a period of time to get a sense of how it operates.
6. Collecting data
Validity: The degree to which a measure truly reflects the phenomenon being studied.
Reliability: The extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
7. Analyzing the results
Developing the Conclusion
Supporting the Hypothesis
Sociological studies do not always generate data that support the original hypothesis.
Controlling for Other Factors
Control variables are factors that are held constant to test the impact of the independent variable
Research Ethics
a. informed concent
b. no harrasment
c. confidenciality
